tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82901834861112669762024-03-13T21:43:13.960-07:00beeNinjaWelcome to the beeNinja blog.
Don't get caught off guard. Be smart. Be healthy. Be ninja. Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01956728403235408726noreply@blogger.comBlogger13125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8290183486111266976.post-22195558569010066192015-11-03T06:55:00.001-08:002015-11-03T06:55:09.330-08:00Are honeybees killing wild bees?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AF-wzAKoLY0/VjjB_6i8ZpI/AAAAAAAAAmQ/ou6QT92wcrQ/s1600/f2359ee05788ef4f7012d00d0c31b9ed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AF-wzAKoLY0/VjjB_6i8ZpI/AAAAAAAAAmQ/ou6QT92wcrQ/s1600/f2359ee05788ef4f7012d00d0c31b9ed.jpg" /></a></div>
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I'm sure you've heard that our pollinators are in trouble. Whether it's birds, bees, or butterflies, the development and destruction of natural habitat is causing big problems. Honeybees have hogged a lot of the attention, partly because of the mysterious cause(s) of colony collapse disorder, but also because of the importance of honeybees to industrialized food production. However, a recent review published in the <i><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224415300158" target="_blank">International Journal for Parasitology</a></i> highlights the harm that managed bees can inflict on our native bee populations, especially when they carry disease.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-g0pPvkF8U5A/VjjCADaE_nI/AAAAAAAAAmU/afzJgzA0YIo/s1600/NativeBeesNumberedPoster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="129" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-g0pPvkF8U5A/VjjCADaE_nI/AAAAAAAAAmU/afzJgzA0YIo/s320/NativeBeesNumberedPoster.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Native pollinators include more than just bees. <br />
Illustration from the <a href="http://www.pollinator.org/" target="_blank">Pollinator Partnership</a>.</td></tr>
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The industrial use of honeybees is one of the main contributors to honeybee decline in recent years. Pesticides are thought to be a main cause, with compromised health being observed <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1111/1462-2920.12426/" target="_blank">even at sublethal doses</a>. Poor management practices and long-distance transportation cause additional stress and enhance the spread of parasites and disease between colonies. The reliance of managed bees on single food sources (crops) may also pose a problem since it seems that bees can use other plants <a href="http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/15-0263.1" target="_blank">to help combat certain infections</a>.<br />
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In Europe, where honeybees are native, the diseases of domestic populations have been observed to "spillover" into natural populations. Pathogens include parasitic mites, fungi, and a variety of viruses, and are thought to have contributed to the the decline in feral honeybee colonies across the US and Europe. In the UK, the Varroa is thought to have caused the extinction of naturally wild honeybees, with only managed and escaped domestic bees remaining.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KzIXZYGKQuA/VjjCADNJzNI/AAAAAAAAAmY/Fg2OFtfV81g/s1600/slide_3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KzIXZYGKQuA/VjjCADNJzNI/AAAAAAAAAmY/Fg2OFtfV81g/s320/slide_3.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://images.slideplayer.com/12/3461349/slides/slide_3.jpg" target="_blank">Varoa mites are one of the biggest threats to honeybee health</a></td></tr>
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Although honeybees aren't native to North America, managed bees still present a risk to other native bees. Both managed and feral hives can compete with wild bees for food resources. Now we know that they can also transmit disease. There are several documented cases of spillover from honeybees to bumblebees, which are in decline across North America. So it stands to reason that diseases could affect other native pollinators too.<br />
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The spread of disease is a major concern given the already poor condition of wild pollinator populations. In fact, along with habitat destruction, pollution, and invasive species, <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/287/5452/443" target="_blank">emerging infectious diseases</a> are one of the <a href="http://speakupforthevoiceless.org/2014/09/18/top-five-causes-of-species-extinction/" target="_blank">top contributors to species extinction</a>.<br />
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Although it can be difficult to pinpoint the exact cause of disease outbreaks, the introduction of foreign pathogens is certainly a vital component. Also, as in honeybees, stress can also increase the chances of wild bees acquiring and succumbing to disease. Pesticides are one important factor in inducing stress, and a recent study found that bumblebees and solitary bees may be more susceptible to pesticides than honeybees. To make matters worse, bumblebees are also managed and seem to be spreading their ailments to wild bees.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-K1CIqYVohws/VjjEqc11CuI/AAAAAAAAAmo/A-nAfghOMw8/s1600/Shade-1024x604.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="188" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-K1CIqYVohws/VjjEqc11CuI/AAAAAAAAAmo/A-nAfghOMw8/s320/Shade-1024x604.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Native wildflowers to support native bees. <br />
Illustration from <a href="http://nativeplantwildlifegarden.com/" target="_blank">Native Plants and Wildlife Gardens</a>.</td></tr>
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To support wild pollinator populations, be sure to landscape with lots of bee-friendly plants. Because bees can use plant resources to protect themselves from pathogens, maintaining native plant diversity can help keep them healthy. You can also provide them with shelters, like this bee house below. For about native pollinators, check out the <a href="http://www.xerces.org/" target="_blank">Xerces Society website</a> and keep following beeNinja!<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hbL72hXXWTc/VjjCFniNQ4I/AAAAAAAAAmg/nlPIjCHNO0s/s1600/ranch-style.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hbL72hXXWTc/VjjCFniNQ4I/AAAAAAAAAmg/nlPIjCHNO0s/s320/ranch-style.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo borrowed from <a href="https://zeebeeman.wordpress.com/category/native-bees-2/" target="_blank">Zeebeeman's blog</a></td></tr>
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01956728403235408726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8290183486111266976.post-30065199714020686162014-01-24T19:32:00.000-08:002014-01-24T19:54:26.721-08:00Drop the Vitamins and Eat a Fish<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It’s the beginning of a new year, and many of us are still
optimistically clinging to our New Year's resolutions. But beware…. If any part of your resolution includes taking daily vitamin and mineral supplements,
scientists now think that you may be doing more harm than good. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Photo credit: <a href="http://www.ihcbesthealth.com/articles/multivitamins-healthy-habit-or-waste-of-money/" target="_blank">The IHC Group</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Over the past year, several research groups have reviewed
studies concerning the effects of vitamin supplementation. Each group concluded
that for most people in developed nations, there is no benefit. Instead, they found
that supplements could even have negative effects. For individuals already at
risk of developing lung disease (smokers and asbestos workers), for example,
taking beta-carotene clearly results in higher incidence of lung cancer. High
doses of other vitamins can also contribute to kidney stones. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iekDeWCzLM4/UuMtkVDNKDI/AAAAAAAAAdQ/JlNQtYd4msQ/s1600/Cigarette_smoking.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iekDeWCzLM4/UuMtkVDNKDI/AAAAAAAAAdQ/JlNQtYd4msQ/s1600/Cigarette_smoking.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: start;">Photo Credit: </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: start;">Paolo Neo / </span><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cigarette_smoking.jpg" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;" target="_blank">Wikimedia Commons</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But don’t feel bad. You aren’t the only one who didn’t get
the memo. More Americans are taking supplements now than ever before. Nearly 4
out of every 10 people (40%) report taking daily multivitamins, up from 30% in the
early 1990’s and another 14% of the population reports taking a variety of
other supplements. All in all, Americans are spending over $28 billion a year
on dietary supplements when there isn’t even any evidence that they do any
good. The trend is similar in Canada and many European countries. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Apart from vitamin E (which imparts no benefit) and beta-carotene
(bad for smokers), the effects of many vitamin supplements are not exactly clear.
Studies often show no effect or provide evidence that contradicts other similar
studies. Furthermore, when the research <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">does</i>
yield conclusive results, the benefit of vitamins are usually so low that they
aren’t worth taking anyway. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XCyGF1NimZM/UuMtkTu0CLI/AAAAAAAAAdM/_2h_cqOaFfk/s1600/Say-No-To-Slimming-Pills.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XCyGF1NimZM/UuMtkTu0CLI/AAAAAAAAAdM/_2h_cqOaFfk/s1600/Say-No-To-Slimming-Pills.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: start;">Photo credit: </span><a href="http://www.cosmeticsurgery.sg/sculpted-body/diet-controlweight-loss-surgery" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;" target="_blank">TCS Aesthetics Central</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One reason that the science on vitamin supplements is so
inconclusive is that no one really knows how much is best for us. Without
knowing what optimum vitamin levels are, it becomes impossible to tell whether
our supplements are getting us to those optimum levels or whether they’re just
a drop in the bucket. Most studies are also on older cohorts, 50 or 60 years
old, and only test supplementation over a few months to years, so it’s hard to
know for sure whether the results would be the same for younger individuals or
over longer periods of time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One exception is vitamin D, especially D<sub>3</sub>.
Although the research is nowhere near definitive, this is the one vitamin
supplement that has some real potential for improving your health. Instead of
spending $30 or $40 a year on pills, though, there are plenty of ways to
incorporate natural sources into your diet. Fatty fish like salmon and
tuna,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for example, are good sources.
Sardines and mackerel, though often overlooked, are also a good a place start
and more eco-friendly. For vegetarians, eggs are relatively high in vitamin D,
as are a variety of enriched foods (milk, orange juice, cereals, tofu).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--GR0w64Gf10/UuMutLy1SMI/AAAAAAAAAdc/efY_mHUXmkk/s1600/pink-sardine-recipe-header.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--GR0w64Gf10/UuMutLy1SMI/AAAAAAAAAdc/efY_mHUXmkk/s1600/pink-sardine-recipe-header.jpg" height="195" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: start;">Lemon-Garlic Sardine Fettuccine, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: start;">Photo credit: </span><a href="http://www.raincoasttrading.com/raincoast-trading-recipes-pacific-sardines-fettuccine.html" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: start;" target="_blank">Raincoast Trading</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">So what does all this mean for you? Well, with regular
visits to your primary physician, it means that there really isn’t any reason
to spend your hard-earned money on supplements. It’s true that vitamins can be
useful in the treatment of certain diseases, but they won’t likely keep you
from getting sick in the first place. If you’re a smoker, it also means that
you’ll actually be better off avoiding supplements high in beta-carotene. You
might even consider cutting back on carrots and sweet potatoes if those are
regular in your diet. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sources and Further Reading:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fortmann et al. 2013. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vitamin
and Mineral Supplements in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and
Cancer: An Updated Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services
Task Force.</b> Annals of Internal Medicine 159(12):824-834. <a href="http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1767855">http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1767855</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Guallar et al. 2013. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Enough
is Enough: Stop Wasting Money on Vitamin and Mineral Supplements</b>. Annals of
Internal Medicine 159(12):850-851. <a href="http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1789253">http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1789253</a>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Singal et al. 2013. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Daily
Multivitamins to Reduce Mortality, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer.</b>
Canadian Family Physician 59:847. <a href="http://www.cfp.ca/content/59/8/847.full">http://www.cfp.ca/content/59/8/847.full</a></span>
<o:p></o:p></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01956728403235408726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8290183486111266976.post-20618087299141264842013-07-10T13:54:00.001-07:002013-07-10T14:00:27.868-07:00A New Marsupial Frog Discovered in Peru<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An article was released this
week describing a new species of frog from high-elevation grasslands in the
Andes Mountains of Peru. The newly discovered species is a member of the genus <i>Gastrotheca</i>, a group also known as the marsupial frogs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Picture: <i>Hemiphractus fasciatus</i> by <a href="http://amphibianrescue.org/amphibianwordpress/wp-content/upLoads/2013/01/Marsupial_frog_embryos_on_back_by_Edgardo_Griffith.jpg" target="_blank">Amphibian Rescue & Conservation Project</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vdeT-UkGq5U/Ud3HzTpUo0I/AAAAAAAAAZg/mS3zHv-pIxg/s1600/new_frog_pic.tiff" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="288" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vdeT-UkGq5U/Ud3HzTpUo0I/AAAAAAAAAZg/mS3zHv-pIxg/s400/new_frog_pic.tiff" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">New species <i>Gastrotheca dysprosita</i></span><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">, Photo credit: <a href="http://www.phyllomedusa.esalq.usp.br/articles/volume12/number1/121311.pdf" target="_blank">W. E. Duellman</a></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The new species <i>Gastrotheca dysprosita</i> is differentiated
from others in the genus by its color and skin texture. It also differs in
morphological characteristics of the head and feet. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The frog comes from a family (Hemiphractidae) with an unusual means of reproduction. In these species, eggs develop into froglets on their
mother’s back. Most species also undergo direct development, which means that
miniature adults emerge from the eggs instead of tadpoles. This has resulted in a variety of
fitting common names, such as backpack frogs and carrying frogs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jvNYjj8W2H0/Ud3HyCNZZhI/AAAAAAAAAZE/7wp0BvqtCcY/s1600/H.+fasciatus+with+eggs+%2528500%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="135" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jvNYjj8W2H0/Ud3HyCNZZhI/AAAAAAAAAZE/7wp0BvqtCcY/s200/H.+fasciatus+with+eggs+%2528500%2529.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Hemiphractus fasciatus</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><br />Photo credit: </span><a href="https://aark.portal.isis.org/ExSituPrograms/Lists/Ex%20situ%20programs/DispForm.aspx?ID=20" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: -webkit-auto;" target="_blank">E. J. Griffith</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dV8bwVHl3Zc/Ud3HyKQETDI/AAAAAAAAAZU/CL5iXSMtimM/s1600/Horned-marsupial-frog-female-with-eggs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="131" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dV8bwVHl3Zc/Ud3HyKQETDI/AAAAAAAAAZU/CL5iXSMtimM/s200/Horned-marsupial-frog-female-with-eggs.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Gastrotheca cornuta</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><br />Photo credit:</span><span style="color: #606c81; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> <a href="http://www.arkive.org/horned-marsupial-frog/gastrotheca-cornuta/image-G83102.html" target="_blank">D. B. Fenolio</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Frogs in the genus <i>Gastrotheca</i> are called marsupial frogs
because the females carry their eggs and offspring in a pouch located on their
backs. They may be carried for several months, but eventually, the offspring are released as tadpoles or fully developed
froglets. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3e4vD31aCNM/Ud3HyNvkIGI/AAAAAAAAAZM/ZZyZR0pNi4o/s1600/Gastrotheca_marsupiata001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="207" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3e4vD31aCNM/Ud3HyNvkIGI/AAAAAAAAAZM/ZZyZR0pNi4o/s400/Gastrotheca_marsupiata001.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Gastrotheca marsupiata</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, Photo credit: </span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gastrotheca_marsupiata" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: -webkit-auto;" target="_blank">Wikimedia Commons</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The strategy of carrying
young is also employed by members of several other frog families. In the
pouched frog (<i>Assa darlintoni</i>) from the
family Myobatrachidae (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l55w9jCF2BA" target="_blank">as documented by the BBC</a>), </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> males carry hatched tadpoles in two lateral
pouches until they are fully developed. The family also includes two species of
now-extinct <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric-brooding_frog" target="_blank">gastric-brooding frogs</a>, in which females carried offspring in their
stomachs. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Scientists in Australia are
now trying to bring the species back from extinction.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Female Surinam toads, in the
family Pipidae, also carry their eggs on their backs. However, in these species,
the eggs are carried in individual pockets that form around each egg. The eggs
hatch in a few days, but the young continue to grow and develop under their
mother’s skin for another three to five months. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To read the article
describing the new species <i>Gastrotheca
dysprosita</i> click <a href="http://www.phyllomedusa.esalq.usp.br/articles/volume12/number1/121311.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01956728403235408726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8290183486111266976.post-6121415078055252092013-07-09T18:25:00.000-07:002013-07-10T01:39:31.867-07:00Backyard Foraging: Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida)<br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cNjuFhOPY7U/Udyrc6N9izI/AAAAAAAAAV8/xs1tOpdnr2k/s1600/img_20120404_031617.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="265" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cNjuFhOPY7U/Udyrc6N9izI/AAAAAAAAAV8/xs1tOpdnr2k/s400/img_20120404_031617.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Not only are the fruits of the dogwood edible, but they also contain a variety of beneficial antioxidants and anthocyanins. Berries from dogwood trees may also be useful for treating a variety of ailments, including tumors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Photo credit: <a href="http://www.henryhartley.com/?m=201204" target="_blank">Henry Hartley</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cornus florida</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, also known as the flowering dogwood, is a small tree native to </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornus_florida_map.png" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">eastern North America</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">that is best known for its white or pink floral displays in April and May. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The flowering dogwood blooms just before leaving out in the spring and produces small fruits that ripen in September and October.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">All species of dogwood in the genus <i>Cornus</i> produce edible fruits (also called cornels or Cornelian cherries), and some are reportedly more palatable than others. While most North American dogwoods produce clusters of small berries with little taste, some Asian species yield fruit of a more respectable size and are more pleasant to eat. The fruits <i>C. mas</i>, for example, are much larger and are described as tasting similar to cranberries or sour cherries. In <i>C. kousa</i>, the fruits from multiple flowers fuse into a single large fruit that resembles a raspberry and can reach up to 1.5 inches (4 cm.) in diameter. Their flavor has been described more akin to apples or apricots. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zhIOFO7JdGQ/Udys2yYxO8I/AAAAAAAAAWg/zsH_8nRlfHg/s1600/cornus_fruit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="132" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zhIOFO7JdGQ/Udys2yYxO8I/AAAAAAAAAWg/zsH_8nRlfHg/s400/cornus_fruit.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Fruits of </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Cornus florida</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> (left), </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">C. mas</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> (center), and </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">C. kousa</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> (right)<br />Photo credits: </span><a href="http://www.carolinanature.com/trees/cofl.html" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;" target="_blank">WillCook</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, </span><a href="http://www.about-garden.com/ei/en/00249-F1-cornel-tree/" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;" target="_blank">about-garden.com</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, and </span><a href="http://arcadianabe.blogspot.com/2012_09_01_archive.html" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;" target="_blank">T. Abe Lloyd</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">In general, dogwood fruits contain high levels of vitamin C, vitamin D, and beta-carotine (a precursor to vitamin A), as well as antioxidants and anthocyanins. One study found that </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Cornus</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> fruits contained 8 to 10 times as many antioxidants as other common fruits, and another reported higher levels of </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20706938" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" target="_blank">dietary minerals</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In addition to nutrients, studies have shown that several compounds found in dogwood fruits have valuable medicinal properties. All </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cornus</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> species contain various amounts of the glucoside cornic acid (or cornin) and the alkaloid cornine, which possess mild narcotic and analgesic properties. These chemicals are likely responsible for the Native American use of dogwoods as a pain reliever and in smoking blends.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Chemical components and extracts from </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Cornus</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> fruits have demonstrated benefits for blood pressure and heart health, vascular inflammation, brain function, diabetes, and as anti-tumor agents (see links below). Some components are also known to possess antimicrobial properties, and it is often reported that the alkaloid cornine was used as an alternative to quinine for</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> treatment of malaria by Native Americans. Even the name “dogwood” may have been derived from the use of dogwood bark in the treatment of dogs with mange, which is caused by a parasitic mite.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Native Americans used most, if not all, dogwood species. In some groups some groups, dogwoods were one of the most utilized plants, and two species (</span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">C. canadensis</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> and </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">C. sericea</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">) seem to have been used especially frequently. Traditionally, Native Americans used the leaves and bark as a general tonic and for the treatment of pain relief. There are some reports of bark of being used for eye maladies and as an anticonvulsant. Interestingly, there may be some merit in this, given that another compound found in dogwoods, gallic acid, has been identified as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, a class of pharmaceuticals with applications including glaucoma and epilepsy. The leaves and bark were also included in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnikinnick" target="_blank">kinnikinnik</a> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">recipes.</span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M4h6Bi9Pva0/UdyvyNqWPsI/AAAAAAAAAWw/-Dy2OV0alNA/s1600/Dogwood-Tree-Blooms-Spring-Flower1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M4h6Bi9Pva0/UdyvyNqWPsI/AAAAAAAAAWw/-Dy2OV0alNA/s400/Dogwood-Tree-Blooms-Spring-Flower1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Cornus florida</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, Photo credit: </span><a href="http://mckinleyarborists.com/?p=180" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: -webkit-auto;" target="_blank">McKinley & Associates </a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Asian dogwoods also have a long history of use. <i>C. mas</i> is used against colds and flues in Eastern Europe, and is used in traditional Chinese medicine to promote kidney health. Both <i>C. mas</i> and another species <i>C. officianalis</i> are both used to treat reproductive disorders. <i>C. officianalisi </i>also imparts protective effects to auditory cells, prevents acetaminophen-induced liver damage, promotes nerve and blood vessel growth, and is used in the treatment of diabetes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">At worst, <i>Cornus</i> fruits have been described as mealy and tasteless, but the skin and seeds also encourage some processing before eating. Given their antioxidant and disease-fighting properties, I think that they are probably worth it. Many authors suggest mashing the fruit and incorporating the pulp or juice into jams with other fruits. The juice, however, could also be mixed with other juices or teas, and the pulp could be mixed with other fruits for <a href="http://www.simplyrecipes.com/recipes/how_to_make_fruit_leather/" target="_blank">making fruit leather</a>. I'll try this and report back in the Fall. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For more reading, check out the <a href="http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+florida" target="_blank">Plants for a Future website</a>, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cornus_f.cfm" target="_blank">Floridata</a>, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">and of course,… </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogwood" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Here are also a few links to some more technical articles about <i>Cornus</i>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23705366/?i=6&from=/22954171/related">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23705366/?i=6&from=/22954171/related</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024320505007903">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024320505007903</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711306001358">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711306001358</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874112003108">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874112003108</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">You can read this article and more on my other blog <a href="http://backyardforaging.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Backyard Foraging</a>.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01956728403235408726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8290183486111266976.post-65762777611790370552013-07-04T11:16:00.000-07:002013-07-10T11:55:50.248-07:00Top 10 Natural Firework Displays!<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-djI4Vw_qH4Y/UdTI43MAbsI/AAAAAAAAAQE/jtkMu_lC8lg/s990/bp22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-djI4Vw_qH4Y/UdTI43MAbsI/AAAAAAAAAQE/jtkMu_lC8lg/s400/bp22.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mount Shinmoedake, Photo credit: <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8288283/Volcanic-lightning-pictured-as-Mount-Shinmoedake-volcano-in-Japan-erupts.html" target="_blank">Reuters</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Happy fourth of July! In light of today's holiday, I thought it might be fitting to celebrate a few of mother Earth's natural light shows. Ranging from bioluminescent waters to incredible lightning displays, there's quite a lot to take in. How many have you seen?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Resulting from interactions between the Earth's magnetic field and charged particles in the atmosphere, auroras offer an unreal experience. The lights are visible at high latitudes in both hemispheres. They are known as the aurora borealis, or northern lights, in the northern hemisphere and the aurora australis in the southern atmosphere. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The lights are usually depicted in time lapse video. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Here's another clip in real time. </span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>P. pyralis</i>, Photo credit: Gail Shumway / <span style="color: #015288; font-size: 11px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><a href="http://www.gettyimages.com/Home.aspx">Getty Images</a></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and Allegheny National Forest, visitors can witness synchronous bioluminescent displays by specific species of resident firefly (<i>Photinus carolinus</i>). The spectacle peaks in early summer, from May to June, depending on the weather. Similar synchronous lights can be seen in parts of Malaysia. </span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Photo credit: <a href="http://birdieguy.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/some-incredible-grand-canyon-lightning.html" target="_blank">Birdie Guy</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lightning occurs as a result of electrostatic discharge between unequally charged regions within clouds or between clouds and the Earth's surface. Check out these cool storms:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In recent years, scientists have also become aware of a variety of other electrical discharges that are rarely seen. Author Wal Thornhill explains what is known about these at </span><a href="http://www.holoscience.com/wp/the-balloon-goes-up-over-lightning/%C2%A0" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">holoscience.com</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Photo credit: <a href="http://doubtfulnews.com/2011/12/lightning-sprites-elves-caught-on-camera/" style="font-size: 12px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">nssl.noaa.gov</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Small pieces of comets and asteroids are called meteoroids and are referred to as meteors after entering the Earth's atmosphere. In the northern hemisphere, the Perseid meteor shower is one of the most spectacular. It's most visible on August 10th and 11th. </span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UUW7VC7rKUo/UdTI6l9nOjI/AAAAAAAAAQk/NBH8lTUIeYE/s1536/o-GLOW-WORMS-facebook.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UUW7VC7rKUo/UdTI6l9nOjI/AAAAAAAAAQk/NBH8lTUIeYE/s400/o-GLOW-WORMS-facebook.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Glow worm cave in New Zealand, Photo credit: <a href="http://i.imgur.com/cYWveEa.jpg" target="_blank">forevergone</a> / reddit</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Many people are familiar with the glow worm caves in New Zealand and Australia. The "worms" are are actually several species of cave-dwelling fly larvae. The larvae glow in order to attract prey that they capture in sticky threads they hang from the ceiling. There are also glow worms in the United States. Also a type fly larvae, the "worms" are called <a href="http://www.dismalscanyon.com/dismalites/index.html" target="_blank">dismalities</a> and are found in stream banks and caves around the Appalachian Mountains. The larvae luminesce using a unique chemical reaction and display the bluest light of any bioluminescent insect. You can read more about them <a href="http://www.tennessee.gov/environment/tn_consv/archive/bluelights.htm" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4gbuT_-0lVU/UdTI4PUV8yI/AAAAAAAAAPY/B0LLvmsdTAk/s774/Circumhorizontal_arc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4gbuT_-0lVU/UdTI4PUV8yI/AAAAAAAAAPY/B0LLvmsdTAk/s640/Circumhorizontal_arc.jpg" width="425" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Circumhorizontal arc Ravenna,<br />Michigan, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumhorizontal_arc" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Also known as circumhorizontal arcs, or CHAs, fire rainbows are an optical phenomenon that occurs when light from a particular angle passes through clouds made up of a particular type of ice crystal. I probably wouldn't believe this was real if I hadn't witnessed this myself in Ramona, California in 2003.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In some circles, the lights are referred to as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_light" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;" target="_blank">earthquake light(s)</a>" and are attributed to disturbances of magnetic or electric fields as a result of tectonic movement. While it seems to be a legitimate phenomenon, scientific descriptions of earthquake light is much different than those of circumhorizontal arcs, so the association of fire rainbows with earthquakes is most likely to coincidence. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Tmzf8iscDqI/UdW1H63EEYI/AAAAAAAAAQw/CdwPA6sb7yI/s437/kimyo.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="250" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Tmzf8iscDqI/UdW1H63EEYI/AAAAAAAAAQw/CdwPA6sb7yI/s400/kimyo.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://inamidst.com/lights/earthquake" target="_blank">Earthquake light, Photo credit: Karl V. Steinbrugge<span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"> / UC Berkeley</span></a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oSWJgt8uvZs/UdTI4a6C25I/AAAAAAAAAPM/iyA-YAQwyZQ/s964/article-1387952-0C1B5AD300000578-281_964x628.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="260" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oSWJgt8uvZs/UdTI4a6C25I/AAAAAAAAAPM/iyA-YAQwyZQ/s400/article-1387952-0C1B5AD300000578-281_964x628.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Photo credit: <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1387952/Skarphedinn-Thrainsson-volcano-pictures-capture-volatile-majesty-close.html" target="_blank">Skarphedinn Thrainsson</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I don't think I could make this list without including volcanoes. Have you ever seen one?</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ykDhaFd2Mas/UdTI35SCrVI/AAAAAAAAAO8/ldoeNdknLbY/s600/Fireworks01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ykDhaFd2Mas/UdTI35SCrVI/AAAAAAAAAO8/ldoeNdknLbY/s400/Fireworks01.jpg" width="322" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bioluminescent jellyfish, Photo credit: <a href="http://viola.bz/thousands-of-luminous-jellyfish-at-the-toyama-bay-japan/" target="_blank">Viola</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These deep water jellyfish washed up in Toyama Bay, Japan. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watasenia_scintillans" target="_blank">Firefly squid</a> is another bioluminescent sea creature often observed in the region. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JLmbY8kVXcM/UdW24S1xqXI/AAAAAAAAARA/JckezQPDnqM/s477/Gusano_luciernaga.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="220" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JLmbY8kVXcM/UdW24S1xqXI/AAAAAAAAARA/JckezQPDnqM/s320/Gusano_luciernaga.png" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Photo credit: <a class="new" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Andrea.Echeverria&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: none; color: #a55858; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;" title="User:Andrea.Echeverria (page does not exist)">Andrea Echeverria</a> / Wikipedia</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0FfaNp22Yvw/UdTI6Dh5fHI/AAAAAAAAAQA/4Fg3Vc2jLfA/s473/joe-scott-pyrodinium-a-bioluminescent-dinoflagellate_i-G-38-3813-COPIF00Z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0FfaNp22Yvw/UdTI6Dh5fHI/AAAAAAAAAQA/4Fg3Vc2jLfA/s400/joe-scott-pyrodinium-a-bioluminescent-dinoflagellate_i-G-38-3813-COPIF00Z.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Pyrodinium</i>, Photo credit: <a href="http://www.art.com/products/p357041433-sa-i4006561/joe-scott-pyrodinium-a-bioluminescent-dinoflagellate.htm" target="_blank">Joe Scott</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These tiny dinoflagelates are a type of protist, many genera of which are able to bioluminesce. They are often associated with algal blooms and are responsible for the glowing water or "blue tides" that are often associated with them.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Some of the most famous places to observe bioluminescent waters are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico#Bioluminescent_Bay" target="_blank">Bio or Mosquito Bay</a> in Puerto Rico, some places in <a href="http://things-to-do-in-jamaica.com/glistening-waters-in-jamaica/" target="_blank">Jamaica</a>, and the <a href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/lake-gippsland" target="_blank">Gippsland Lakes </a>in Australia. Sometimes bioluminescent displays can also be observed along shorelines, including in San Diego.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Bt3zrnNXmXY/UdTI5r61FEI/AAAAAAAAAP4/CL3mJWrehOw/s600/japan-volcano-kirishima-lightning-3_31752_600x450.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="283" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Bt3zrnNXmXY/UdTI5r61FEI/AAAAAAAAAP4/CL3mJWrehOw/s400/japan-volcano-kirishima-lightning-3_31752_600x450.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mount Shinmoedake, Photo credit: <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8288283/Volcanic-lightning-pictured-as-Mount-Shinmoedake-volcano-in-Japan-erupts.html" target="_blank">Reuters</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If you didn't think lightning or volcanoes were cool enough by themselves, what about combined the two? Although rarely captured on video, here is a clip from a 2012 eruption in Japan...</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Scientists aren't sure exactly why lightning occurs during volcanic eruptions, but there seems to be several types. You can read more about h</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ow it works </span><a href="http://news.discovery.com/earth/rocks-fossils/volcanic-lightning-how-does-it-work-130329.htm" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">here</a><span style="color: #0433ff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bKVe67D3zAc/UdTI6w70X8I/AAAAAAAAAQg/rpl7hpHskQs/s400/volcano_lightning_types2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="180" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bKVe67D3zAc/UdTI6w70X8I/AAAAAAAAAQg/rpl7hpHskQs/s320/volcano_lightning_types2.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Photo credit: <a href="http://www.weather.com/blog/weather/8_21725.html">weather.com</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-c-EOGIxBOIs/UdTI41Tj8YI/AAAAAAAAAPg/JzXFCp-kYqY/s990/chaiten5a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="276" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-c-EOGIxBOIs/UdTI41Tj8YI/AAAAAAAAAPg/JzXFCp-kYqY/s400/chaiten5a.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Photo credit: <a href="http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2008/06/chaiten_volcano_still_active.html" target="_blank">Carlos Gutierrez</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-djI4Vw_qH4Y/UdTI43MAbsI/AAAAAAAAAQQ/5nK_EWohbE0/s990/bp22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-djI4Vw_qH4Y/UdTI43MAbsI/AAAAAAAAAQQ/5nK_EWohbE0/s400/bp22.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Photo credit: <a href="http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2011/06/volcano_erupts_in_chile.html#photo22" target="_blank">Carlos Gutierrez</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kdJ2nTFjJ6E/UdTI6t9Y8JI/AAAAAAAAAQY/JwpeVPFRcUg/s640/volcano-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="235" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kdJ2nTFjJ6E/UdTI6t9Y8JI/AAAAAAAAAQY/JwpeVPFRcUg/s400/volcano-1.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Photo credit: <a href="http://www.thisiscolossal.com/2013/03/volcanic-lightning-photographed-by-martin-rietze/" target="_blank">Martin Rietze</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="color: black; min-height: 15px;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01956728403235408726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8290183486111266976.post-27036599543363271312013-07-02T09:16:00.000-07:002013-07-10T01:32:27.599-07:00New Marsupial Species<!--[if !mso]>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-f-faXbw-MLc/UdL6W8cRkGI/AAAAAAAAAMY/jEv6T38T3v4/s567/IMG_9043+Catita+(Marmosa+incana).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-f-faXbw-MLc/UdL6W8cRkGI/AAAAAAAAAMY/jEv6T38T3v4/s400/IMG_9043+Catita+(Marmosa+incana).jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Grey Slender Opossum, </span><i style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Marmosops incanus</i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, Photo credit: <a href="http://geisertrivelato.webs.com/apps/photos/photo?photoid=122048341" target="_blank">Geiser Trivelato</a></span></td></tr>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">A recent report describes a
new species of mouse opossum from the highlands of Guyana and Venezuela. The
new species (<i>Marmosops pakaraimae</i>) is
apparently closely related to a species (<i>M.
parvidens</i>) that inhabits the adjacent lowland areas. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RGIOR0rsbtw/UdL6XHW3bOI/AAAAAAAAAMw/V5GQugbQQvQ/s800/Mount-Roraima-1-800x516.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="256" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RGIOR0rsbtw/UdL6XHW3bOI/AAAAAAAAAMw/V5GQugbQQvQ/s400/Mount-Roraima-1-800x516.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Pakaraima Highlands of Venezuela, Photo credit: <a href="http://all-that-is-interesting.com/post/6485769653/the-mind-blowing-mount-roraima">all-that-is-interesting.com</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Mouse opossums are a genus
of American opossum found in South America. Size, climbing ability, and habitat
vary among species, with some favoring an arboreal habit and others tending to
spend more time on the ground. They are usually found in moist tropical
forests.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k_5r3TMQa7k/UdL6WmU2VbI/AAAAAAAAAMo/l4j-m13mqso/s640/12238626QS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k_5r3TMQa7k/UdL6WmU2VbI/AAAAAAAAAMo/l4j-m13mqso/s400/12238626QS.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>M. parvidens</i>, Photo credit: <a href="http://www.fotonatura.org/galerias/fotos/239276/lightbox/">Marcial Quiroga C</a> / fotonatura</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Their diet is somewhat opportunistic,
but includes insects, spiders, snails, small vertebrates, fruit, and flowers. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Like other opossums, </span><i style="font-family: Arial;">Marmosops</i><span style="font-family: Arial;"> species are primarily solitary
and nocturnal. They possess a prehensile tail. Interestingly, they lack a
pouch, and instead, carry their young on the outside of their body.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Read the report by Robert
Voss and colleagues here: <a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/3778.2">http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/3778.2</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01956728403235408726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8290183486111266976.post-53979427968331040882013-07-01T21:48:00.000-07:002013-07-02T10:04:50.810-07:00Is coffee bad for your health?<!--[if !mso]>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GSDzJENNMjA/UdJZwngPxcI/AAAAAAAAAL8/3LTHs7xciGA/s1000/w-pill-bottle-coffee-mug43152.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GSDzJENNMjA/UdJZwngPxcI/AAAAAAAAAL8/3LTHs7xciGA/s400/w-pill-bottle-coffee-mug43152.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo credit: <a href="http://www.homewetbar.com/the-right-medicine-ceramic-coffee-cup-p-3349.html" target="_blank">www.homewetbar.com</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Not according to researchers
at the University of Valencia and Castellón
General Hospital who reviewed over 300 studies that investigated the health effects
of coffee and caffeine. What they found was that, more often than not, coffee
imparted measurable benefits to regular drinkers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BCvaIKGiFTg/UdJZwEvxI0I/AAAAAAAAAL0/zqaBKybPptQ/s432/caffeine-box1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="308" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BCvaIKGiFTg/UdJZwEvxI0I/AAAAAAAAAL0/zqaBKybPptQ/s320/caffeine-box1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo credit: <a href="http://www.carlsword.com/ideas/caffeine.html" target="_blank">www.carlsword.com</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Regular coffee consumption
has traditionally been regarded as harmful, but the evidence is stacking up for
the other side. Science no longer supports the role of coffee in a variety of
conditions, such as a contributor to hypertension, osteoporosis, or
cardiovascular disease. The confusion has likely arisen due to the complex
effects of caffeine and the myriad of other compounds found in the typical cup
of joe. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Caffeine works by binding to
chemical receptors in the brain and preventing them from interacting with
adenosine, which normally induces drowsiness. However, adenosine receptors are
also found in most other tissues in the body, including the heart, liver, and
body fat, so it is easy to see how things could get complicated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Coffee also contains up to
1000 other phytochemicals that can have a variety of effects on our systems,
each of which might act to enforce or counter the body’s response to caffeine.
Blood pressure is negatively affected by caffeine, for example, but not
necessarily by coffee. Similarly, caffeine seems to aggravate the symptoms of
type 2 diabetes, but the full spectrum of compounds in coffee provides an
overall benefit. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Even decaffeinated coffee
provides protection against the onset of diabetes. One study reported that for
every cup of coffee consumed per day, the risk of diabetes is reduced by 7
percent. In one high-risk group, heavy coffee drinking reduced incidence by
two-thirds. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Another clear benefit of
coffee is protection against liver damage and cirrhosis. Again, it is likely
the other phytochemicals, not caffeine, that is responsible for this
benefit. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ntv6w1KLTm4/UdJZwEkNqfI/AAAAAAAAAL4/suwLHxRipcs/s1000/Caffeine_1280x1024_by_Toob_Rat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="256" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ntv6w1KLTm4/UdJZwEkNqfI/AAAAAAAAAL4/suwLHxRipcs/s320/Caffeine_1280x1024_by_Toob_Rat.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Caffeine molecule, Photo credit: <span style="color: #343434; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><a href="http://toob-rat.deviantart.com/art/Caffeine-Molecule-35220731" target="_blank">Shaughn P</a></span>/deviantART </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Coffee and caffeine are also
beneficial in regard to neurological disease. So far, researchers have reported
protective effects against both Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s. Caffeine
also seems to slow progression in Alzheimer’s patients. However, although risk
was reduced more in women than in men, risk was actually increased in
postmenopausal women undergoing hormone therapy.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">In respect to cancer, the
relationships between coffee and incidence may vary depending on the type of
cancer. Coffee seems to be especially protective against liver and oral
cancers, and probably has a neutral effect or reduces risk for most others,
although bladder cancer may be one exception. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Some other effects remain
unclear. Several components in coffee oil are known to increase levels of
detrimental LDL cholesterol, for example, but the phytochemicals also induce an
increase in favorable HDL cholesterol and a healthier LDL to HDL ratio. Coffee
also seems to provide general protection against cardiovascular disease, but
the risk of certain types of stroke is also increased in the hour after
consumption. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Most of the studies examined
here were small and carried out for maximum of a few weeks, so many of the conclusions
are still subject to debate. The variation in response to coffee and caffeine
among individuals also makes it hard to generalize the results, but the overall
trend does seem to be a positive one. As for me, I’ll be drinking more coffee
from now on. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Check out the original report here: </span><a href="http://bit.ly/17QcUY1">http://bit.ly/17QcUY1</a></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01956728403235408726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8290183486111266976.post-10462404937613349652013-07-01T10:30:00.002-07:002013-07-01T10:42:21.913-07:00Top 10 New Species of 2013<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TMdVy1wmE7A/UdG5V3gjogI/AAAAAAAAALY/6BcLf87leOw/s1600/top10speciesfinal_2013.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="215" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TMdVy1wmE7A/UdG5V3gjogI/AAAAAAAAALY/6BcLf87leOw/s400/top10speciesfinal_2013.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://asunews.asu.edu/20130523_top10newspecies2013" target="_blank">Photo composite by Jacob Sahertian</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The top 10 new species list was announced May 23 by the International Institute for Species Exploration at Arizona State University. The 2013 list includes an amazing glow-in-the-dark cockroach, a harp-shaped carnivorous sponge and the smallest vertebrate on Earth - a tiny frog. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Read more about each species at: <a href="http://ti.me/11ZXoAA">http://ti.me/11ZXoAA</a></span><br />
<br />
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01956728403235408726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8290183486111266976.post-76166107239446168422013-07-01T10:03:00.001-07:002013-07-01T10:07:13.638-07:00Food as medicine. What does it mean?<!--[if !mso]>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pIv4DNdXrF8/UdG1_hiA4qI/AAAAAAAAALE/5CbXGNzSqG8/s640/98694395.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="288" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pIv4DNdXrF8/UdG1_hiA4qI/AAAAAAAAALE/5CbXGNzSqG8/s400/98694395.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo credit: Maarten Wouters/Getty</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Eating well isn’t just about keeping the
tank full. It can also be about treating and preventing disease. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We all know that we should stay away from
fatty foods or too much sugar, and that we should add more fruits and
vegetables to our diets. But other than fiber and “nutrients”, how many of us
really understand the chemistry of our food or how it might affect us?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Most cultures have traditionally used plants
for therapeutic purposes, and even today, most modern medicines are still
derived from plants. However, our society has become so far removed from both food
and medicine that few people realize the value of fresh, whole foods or how
they affect our bodies. The widespread use of processed ingredients, artificial
colors and flavors, and other unpronounceable additives also means that most of
us aren’t even ingesting the good stuff without knowing about it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Starting today, I’ll be making periodic
posts about a variety of beneficial foods. I’ll discuss the important compounds
they contain and how they could influence your health. My first post will look
at the effects of coffee and caffeine. Keep an eye out for it later today...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“Let food be your medicine, and your
medicine be your food.” <i>– Hippocrates </i></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01956728403235408726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8290183486111266976.post-727465748818750502013-07-01T07:04:00.002-07:002013-07-02T10:05:21.513-07:00Tree Vipers<!--[if !mso]>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Photo credit: <a href="http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/10885374">Wikimedia Foundation</a></span></td></tr>
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<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Along with
several other genera in the family Crotalinae, these snakes – commonly known as
tree vipers – are primarily arboreal, or tree-dwelling. </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_9" o:spid="_x0000_i1030"
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iuTSfDNXFoI/UdGJUxiBxnI/AAAAAAAAAH8/eOMcuxewcmU/s1600/7801890960_f9d3eb23c7_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" border="0" height="222" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iuTSfDNXFoI/UdGJUxiBxnI/AAAAAAAAAH8/eOMcuxewcmU/s320/7801890960_f9d3eb23c7_o.jpg" title="" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Photo credit: </span><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/berniedup/7801890960/" style="font-family: Arial; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Khao Yai</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As an adaptation to this lifestyle, many species sport prehensile tails, which allow them to hang and secure themselves while climbing and hunting.</span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-y6CMHQ1jtIU/UdGJToJ0heI/AAAAAAAAAHk/R9_DsrDg1xc/s1600/4634849841_779fc869b2_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-y6CMHQ1jtIU/UdGJToJ0heI/AAAAAAAAAHk/R9_DsrDg1xc/s200/4634849841_779fc869b2_o.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sc_zV35c-SA/UdGJVbH4DmI/AAAAAAAAAIE/_yA-9DYtxDM/s580/SIN-02Jun12-Waglers-Pit-Viper-08.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="134" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sc_zV35c-SA/UdGJVbH4DmI/AAAAAAAAAIE/_yA-9DYtxDM/s200/SIN-02Jun12-Waglers-Pit-Viper-08.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Their diets mainly consist of small mammals, frogs, lizards, and birds.</span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JLmpLQytR14/UdGJUTCH69I/AAAAAAAAAHs/HFZgsQZXimA/s1024/5257019920_6c28f57a1e_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="330" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JLmpLQytR14/UdGJUTCH69I/AAAAAAAAAHs/HFZgsQZXimA/s400/5257019920_6c28f57a1e_b.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Photo credit: <a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/song-devan/5257019920/">Anne Devan-Song</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NQMAIHK0KE0/UdGJVMEapcI/AAAAAAAAAIA/658agVtz6a8/s700/Kanburian+Bamboo+Viper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NQMAIHK0KE0/UdGJVMEapcI/AAAAAAAAAIA/658agVtz6a8/s400/Kanburian+Bamboo+Viper.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photocredit: <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://tapandaola111.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-most-beautiful-snakes-in-world.html">Tapandaola</a></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qwOkrosir4E/UdGJXLAfFxI/AAAAAAAAAIs/CCMFpMWRnkc/s580/p359734928-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="274" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qwOkrosir4E/UdGJXLAfFxI/AAAAAAAAAIs/CCMFpMWRnkc/s400/p359734928-3.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Photo credit: <a href="http://www.thegardensofeden.org/dansworld/h15711E90#h15711e90">Michael Kern/Gardens of Eden</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01956728403235408726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8290183486111266976.post-92232892564758646672013-06-28T18:04:00.000-07:002013-07-02T10:05:45.115-07:00Glowing Scorpions<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xYV-AL_wgEQ/Uc4weMRog6I/AAAAAAAAAHE/Q0kXjs93LCc/s500/pic1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="291" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xYV-AL_wgEQ/Uc4weMRog6I/AAAAAAAAAHE/Q0kXjs93LCc/s400/pic1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo credit: Cowyeow/Flickr</span></div>
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Scientists now believe that scorpions’ fluorescent
exoskeletons may help them to find cover during the night. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The scorpion’s cyan-green glow can be attributed to two
chemicals, noharmane and hymnecromone, that are deposited in the exoskeleton
during sclerotization, a biological process by which arthropods are able to
harden their exoskeletons. Interestingly, neither young nor recently molted
adults fluoresce when exposed to UV light. Juvenile scorpions eventually
develop the trait as they mature. Adults regain their fluorescence as their
exoskeleton re-hardens as part of the molting process. In the picture below,
you can also see that the scorpion’s old exoskeleton continues to fluoresce (<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Photo credit: skinheaddave/www.arachnoboards.com</span>).<span style="text-align: center;"> </span></div>
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tGRRPy9pa0Q/Uc4wb3E1eLI/AAAAAAAAAGw/v-_F2kEUKlI/s640/pic2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="133" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tGRRPy9pa0Q/Uc4wb3E1eLI/AAAAAAAAAGw/v-_F2kEUKlI/s200/pic2.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bQwcN3SHeAQ/Uc4wcM5AdhI/AAAAAAAAAG4/mnfRONuTrF0/s1024/pic3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="149" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bQwcN3SHeAQ/Uc4wcM5AdhI/AAAAAAAAAG4/mnfRONuTrF0/s200/pic3.JPG" width="200" /></a><br />
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<a name='more'></a>Scorpions have been known to glow under UV light for quite
some time, but no one has known why until just recently. One idea was that the
fluorescence had no real function, and that it was just a chemical byproduct of
the scorpion’s exoskeleton formation. Another hypothesis proposed that the
fluorescent compounds were an evolutionary leftover from when scorpions were
active during the day and might have benefited from a natural “sunscreen”. Others have suggested that fluorescence could
help to attract prey, deter predators, or to help find mates.</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9RV4lEwWoyg/Uc4wcFVFaMI/AAAAAAAAAG8/yDQ1Qekdak8/s660/pic4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="279" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9RV4lEwWoyg/Uc4wcFVFaMI/AAAAAAAAAG8/yDQ1Qekdak8/s320/pic4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo credit: D. Finnin/AMNH</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Douglas Gaffin and his lab at the University of Oklahoma
came up with a new explanation. They found that scorpion eyes and
photoreceptors in their head and tail are most sensitive to the same
wavelengths of light that are emitted by their fluorescing exoskeletons. As it
turns out, scorpions happen to be active during the early evening when
ultraviolet light becomes more abundant than other wavelengths of light. When
exposed, scorpions’ exoskeletons fluoresce, and the fluorescence is detected by
their eyes and photoreceptors. This allows scorpions to tell when they are
vulnerable to predators and when they are safely hidden. Gaffin’s lab at the University
of Oklahoma is now trying to determine whether the scorpions can detect UV
light directly. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/kHT7wMog488?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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To read Douglas Gaffin’s report: <a href="http://bit.ly/13eYTAk" style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt;">http://bit.ly/13eYTAk</a></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01956728403235408726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8290183486111266976.post-57192258455204165702013-06-27T09:50:00.000-07:002013-07-01T08:33:38.994-07:00True or False???<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6JL_jYKtEFw/UcxtFpxGntI/AAAAAAAAAGY/UfbYV0y7-Mo/s667/1045035_406248426150501_1411718632_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6JL_jYKtEFw/UcxtFpxGntI/AAAAAAAAAGY/UfbYV0y7-Mo/s400/1045035_406248426150501_1411718632_n.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pollinators are important for the production of ~75% of the
world’s leading crops, but honeybees are not the only insects responsible for
providing these services. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The vanilla orchid can only be pollinated by a specific
genus of solitary bee. Theobroma cacoa – the source of chocolate – is only
pollinated by a tiny fly, and papaya flowers are pollinated by nocturnal sphinx
moths. Bumblebees and solitary bees are also important for the production of a
variety of other fruits and vegetables - squash and melons, tomatoes,
blueberries, peppers, almonds, passion fruit, and brazil nuts, just to name a
few. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If honeybees disappeared, food production would certainly
suffer, but not all hope would be lost. Because the honeybee, <i>Apis mellifera</i>,
is native to Europe and North Africa, many of the plant species that we now use
as food crops did not evolve to depend on honeybees. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although we still have much to learn about managing other
types of bees, it is likely that, at least for some crops, alternative
pollinators would be suitable replacements or even superior to honeybees. There
are over 30,000 species of bees, with about 4,000 native to the United States
alone, and a few species have already proven to be over 100 times as effective
as honeybees. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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So what would happen if we lost all pollinators?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Believe it or not, most of our food calories come from
plants that don’t require animal pollination. Cereal crops like corn, wheat, and
rice are wind pollinated. Many crops also come from non-reproductive plant
parts like roots, stems, or leaves. Potatoes, carrots, beets, celery, broccoli,
spinach, and cabbage are all examples of vegetables that can be produced
without pollination. In these crops, pollination is only important for the
production of seed for planting the next years crop. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Some crop types would be particularly sensitive to
pollinator extinction. These plants are typically those that can’t
self-pollinate and/or that require specific pollinators. Fruits like tomato,
avocado, peach, coconut, mango, durian, and some vegetables fall into this
category. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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However, the largest effects of pollinator loss could be
reflected in the production of coffee and chocolate, so there may be a reason
to panic after all!<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01956728403235408726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8290183486111266976.post-37205198176868635282013-06-27T09:40:00.002-07:002013-07-01T08:33:20.080-07:00Mammals that chirp like crickets?!<!--[if !mso]>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fjgIXwvHRM4/UcxsSGIgvEI/AAAAAAAAAGM/34foi9oRU_A/s960/tumblr_makjvgwVo51r38hk2o1_1280.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="247" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fjgIXwvHRM4/UcxsSGIgvEI/AAAAAAAAAGM/34foi9oRU_A/s400/tumblr_makjvgwVo51r38hk2o1_1280.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo credit: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/hakoar/7814268658/">Arto Hakola</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Tenrecs are a family of
mammals found in Madagascar and some parts of Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Similar to the way that
marsupials have diversified to fill a variety of ecological niches in Australia
and New Guinea, tenrecs vary widely in body form and occupy a range of
habitats. Some species have adopted otter-like forms, while others resemble
shrews and hedgehogs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">The Highland and Lowland Streaked
Tenrecs fall within the hedgehog type and are armed with barbed quills. These
animals primarily feed on earthworms and take shelter in narrow burrows. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8290183486111266976" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial;">One interesting feature of
the Streaked Tenrecs is that they are the only mammals known to communicate using
stridulation. This type of communication is generally associated with insects
and snakes, but although tenrecs lack wings and scales, they are still able to
accomplish this using a second specialized type of quill that is arranged in
rows along their back. See a video here:
</span><a href="http://bbc.in/19vEt6a"><span style="font-family: Arial;">http://bbc.in/19vEt6a</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Even though tenrecs are
sometimes hunted for food, the IUCN reports that Streaked Tenrecs are thriving
and seem to be affected little by human disturbance: </span><a href="http://bit.ly/10NF7eQ"><span style="font-family: Arial;">http://bit.ly/10NF7eQ</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">You can learn more about Lowland
Streaked Tenrecs here: </span><a href="http://bit.ly/176oL0m"><span style="font-family: Arial;">http://bit.ly/176oL0m</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01956728403235408726noreply@blogger.com0